python实现12306余票查询
我们说先在浏览器中打开开发者工具(F12)，尝试一次余票的查询，通过开发者工具查看发出请求的包
(资料图片)
余票查询界面
可以看到红框框中的URL就是我们向12306服务器发出的请求，那么具体是什么呢？我们来看看
[
https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/leftTicket/queryZ?leftTicketDTO.train_date=2019-01-21&leftTicketDTO.from_station=CDW&leftTicketDTO.to_station=SZQ&purpose_codes=ADULT](https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/leftTicket/queryZ?leftTicketDTO.train_date=2019-01-21&leftTicketDTO.from_station=CDW&leftTicketDTO.to_station=SZQ&purpose_codes=ADULT)
可以看到发出请求的几个字段：
leftTicketDTO.train_date：查询的日期
leftTicketDTO.from_station：查询的出发地
leftTicketDTO.to_station：查询的目的地
purpose_codes：不太清楚这个字段是用来做什么的，就默认吧
可以从我们递交的URL请求看出，我们输入的成都，深圳都变成了对应的编号，比如，成都（CDW）、深圳（SZQ），所以当我们程序进行输入的时候要进行一下处理，12306的一个地方存储着这些城市名与编码对应的文档：
[
https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/resources/js/framework/station_name.js?station_version=1.8971](https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/resources/js/framework/station_name.js?station_version=1.8971)
站点编码对应
下面我们就编写一个小程序，将这些城市名与编号提取出来：
import re,requests url = "https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/resources/js/framework/station_name.js?station_version=1.8971" response = requests.get(url,verify=False) #将车站的名字和编码进行提取 chezhan = re.findall(r"([\u4e00-\u9fa5]+)\|([A-Z]+)", response.text) chezhan_code = dict(chezhan) #进行交换 chezhan_names = dict(zip(chezhan_code.values(),chezhan_code.keys())) #打印出得到的车站字典 print(chezhan_names)
得到的打印结果如下（只截取部分显示）：
{‘VAP": ‘北京北", ‘BOP": ‘北京东", ‘BJP": ‘北京", ‘VNP": ‘北京南", ‘BXP": ‘北京西", ‘IZQ":
‘广州南", ‘CUW": ‘重庆北", ‘CQW": ‘重庆", ‘CRW": ‘重庆南", ‘CXW": ‘重庆西", ‘GGQ": ‘广州东",
‘SHH": ‘上海", ‘SNH": ‘上海南", ‘AOH": ‘上海虹桥", ‘SXH": ‘上海西", ‘TBP": ‘天津北", ‘TJP":
‘天津", ‘TIP": ‘天津南", ‘TXP": ‘天津西", ‘XJA": ‘香港西九龙", ‘CCT": ‘长春", ‘CET": ‘长春南",
‘CRT": ‘长春西", ‘ICW": ‘成都东", ‘CNW": ‘成都南", ‘CDW": ‘成都", ‘CSQ": ‘长沙", ‘CWQ":
‘长沙南",}
接下来我们就动手开始程序的主要代码编写：
def main(): date = input("请输入时间(如2019-01-22)：\n") from_station = chezhan_code[input("请输入起始站点：\n")] to_station = chezhan_code[input("请输入目的站点：\n")] url = "https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/leftTicket/queryZ?" headers = { "User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/63.0.3239.26 Safari/537.36 Core/1.63.5702.400 QQBrowser/10.2.1893.400" } url=url+"leftTicketDTO.train_date="+date+"&leftTicketDTO.from_station="+from_station+"&leftTicketDTO.to_station="+to_station+"&purpose_codes=ADULT" #print(url) 已经检查过生成的URL是正确的 #request请求获取主页 r = requests.get(url,headers=headers) r.raise_for_status() #如果发送了一个错误的请求，会抛出异常 r.encoding = r.apparent_encoding showTicket(r.text)用户输入时间、起始站点、目的站点，然后通过get来请求，然后我们对返回的网页信息进行解析。我们现将上面代码的r.text进行打印，看看我们请求之后，返回了什么样的信息，然后决定我们应该如何解析
运行结果
这样看着不方便，我们粘贴到记事本中，进行详细的分析：
请求返回的结果信息
可以与12306显示的信息进行对比，K829是车次，CDW与BJQ是出发地和目的地，10:10是出发时间，06:13是到达时间，44:21是历时时间，20190123为查询的日期，剩下的就是一系列票的各种信息。
下面就是对这些返回的信息进行解析，其实这也是python爬虫的关键，就是解析！！！
我们先把信息转化为json格式，可以看到都是用“|”隔开的，那么我们就用split函数分割出来，下面是主要功能代码：
def showTicket(html): html = json.loads(html) table = PrettyTable([" 车次 ","出发车站","到达车站","出发时间","到达时间"," 历时 ","商务座"," 一等座","二等座","高级软卧","软卧","动卧","硬卧","软座","硬座","无座","其他","备注"]) for i in html["data"]["result"]: name = [ "station_train_code", "from_station_name", "to_station_name", "start_time", "arrive_time", "lishi", "swz_num", "zy_num", "ze_num", "dw_num", "gr_num", "rw_num", "yw_num", "rz_num", "yz_num", "wz_num", "qt_num", "note_num" ] data = { "station_train_code": "", "from_station_name": "", "to_station_name": "", "start_time": "", "arrive_time": "", "lishi": "", "swz_num": "", "zy_num": "", "ze_num": "", "dw_num": "", "gr_num": "", "rw_num": "", "yw_num": "", "rz_num": "", "yz_num": "", "wz_num": "", "qt_num": "", "note_num": "" } #将各项信息提取并赋值 item = i.split("|") #使用“|”进行分割 data["station_train_code"] = item[3] #获取车次信息，在3号位置 data["from_station_name"] = item[6] #始发站信息在6号位置 data["to_station_name"] = item[7] #终点站信息在7号位置 data["start_time"] = item[8] #出发时间在8号位置 data["arrive_time"] = item[9] #抵达时间在9号位置 data["lishi"] = item[10] #经历时间在10号位置 data["swz_num"] = item[32] or item[25] #特别注意，商务座在32或25位置 data["zy_num"] = item[31] #一等座信息在31号位置 data["ze_num"] = item[30] #二等座信息在30号位置 data["gr_num"] = item[21] #高级软卧信息在21号位置 data["rw_num"] = item[23] #软卧信息在23号位置 data["dw_num"] = item[27] #动卧信息在27号位置 data["yw_num"] = item[28] #硬卧信息在28号位置 data["rz_num"] = item[24] #软座信息在24号位置 data["yz_num"] = item[29] #硬座信息在29号位置 data["wz_num"] = item[26] #无座信息在26号位置 data["qt_num"] = item[22] #其他信息在22号位置 data["note_num"] = item[1] #备注信息在1号位置 color = Colored() data["note_num"] = color.white(item[1]) #如果没有信息，那么就用“-”代替 for pos in name: if data[pos] == "": data[pos] = "-" tickets = [] cont = [] cont.append(data) for x in cont: tmp = [] for y in name: if y == "from_station_name": s = color.green(chezhan_names[data["from_station_name"]]) tmp.append(s) elif y == "to_station_name": s = color.red(chezhan_names[data["to_station_name"]]) tmp.append(s) elif y == "start_time": s = color.green(data["start_time"]) tmp.append(s) elif y == "arrive_time": s = color.red(data["arrive_time"]) tmp.append(s) elif y == "station_train_code": s = color.yellow(data["station_train_code"]) tmp.append(s) else: tmp.append(data[y]) tickets.append(tmp) for ticket in tickets: table.add_row(ticket) print(table)那么我们程序就成功啦！！！
运行结果
但是在编译器里面Prettytable的格子没有对齐，不要担心，我们到终端运行一下脚本，就可以看到很好看的输出啦：
终端运行结果
完成！！！下面是完整代码
main.py
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- import re,requests,datetime,time,json from prettytable import PrettyTable from colorama import init,Fore from stationinfo import chezhan_code,chezhan_names init(autoreset=False) class Colored(object): def yeah(self,s): return Fore.LIGHTCYAN_EX + s + Fore.RESET def green(self,s): return Fore.LIGHTGREEN_EX + s + Fore.RESET def yellow(self,s): return Fore.LIGHTYELLOW_EX + s + Fore.RESET def white(self,s): return Fore.LIGHTWHITE_EX + s + Fore.RESET def blue(self,s): return Fore.LIGHTBLUE_EX + s + Fore.RESET def showTicket(html): html = json.loads(html) table = PrettyTable([" 车次 ","出发车站","到达车站","出发时间","到达时间"," 历时 ","商务座"," 一等座","二等座","高级软卧","软卧","动卧","硬卧","软座","硬座","无座","其他","备注"]) for i in html["data"]["result"]: name = [ "station_train_code", "from_station_name", "to_station_name", "start_time", "arrive_time", "lishi", "swz_num", "zy_num", "ze_num", "dw_num", "gr_num", "rw_num", "yw_num", "rz_num", "yz_num", "wz_num", "qt_num", "note_num" ] data = { "station_train_code": "", "from_station_name": "", "to_station_name": "", "start_time": "", "arrive_time": "", "lishi": "", "swz_num": "", "zy_num": "", "ze_num": "", "dw_num": "", "gr_num": "", "rw_num": "", "yw_num": "", "rz_num": "", "yz_num": "", "wz_num": "", "qt_num": "", "note_num": "" } #将各项信息提取并赋值 item = i.split("|") #使用“|”进行分割 data["station_train_code"] = item[3] #获取车次信息，在3号位置 data["from_station_name"] = item[6] #始发站信息在6号位置 data["to_station_name"] = item[7] #终点站信息在7号位置 data["start_time"] = item[8] #出发时间在8号位置 data["arrive_time"] = item[9] #抵达时间在9号位置 data["lishi"] = item[10] #经历时间在10号位置 data["swz_num"] = item[32] or item[25] #特别注意，商务座在32或25位置 data["zy_num"] = item[31] #一等座信息在31号位置 data["ze_num"] = item[30] #二等座信息在30号位置 data["gr_num"] = item[21] #高级软卧信息在21号位置 data["rw_num"] = item[23] #软卧信息在23号位置 data["dw_num"] = item[27] #动卧信息在27号位置 data["yw_num"] = item[28] #硬卧信息在28号位置 data["rz_num"] = item[24] #软座信息在24号位置 data["yz_num"] = item[29] #硬座信息在29号位置 data["wz_num"] = item[26] #无座信息在26号位置 data["qt_num"] = item[22] #其他信息在22号位置 data["note_num"] = item[1] #备注信息在1号位置 color = Colored() data["note_num"] = color.white(item[1]) #如果没有信息，那么就用“-”代替 for pos in name: if data[pos] == "": data[pos] = "-" tickets = [] cont = [] cont.append(data) for x in cont: tmp = [] for y in name: if y == "from_station_name": s = color.green(chezhan_names[data["from_station_name"]]) tmp.append(s) elif y == "to_station_name": s = color.yeah(chezhan_names[data["to_station_name"]]) tmp.append(s) elif y == "start_time": s = color.green(data["start_time"]) tmp.append(s) elif y == "arrive_time": s = color.yeah(data["arrive_time"]) tmp.append(s) elif y == "station_train_code": s = color.yellow(data["station_train_code"]) tmp.append(s) else: tmp.append(data[y]) tickets.append(tmp) for ticket in tickets: table.add_row(ticket) print(table) def main(): date = input("请输入时间：\n") from_station = chezhan_code[input("请输入起始站点：\n")] to_station = chezhan_code[input("请输入目的站点：\n")] url = "https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/leftTicket/queryZ?" headers = { "User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/63.0.3239.26 Safari/537.36 Core/1.63.5702.400 QQBrowser/10.2.1893.400" } url=url+"leftTicketDTO.train_date="+date+"&leftTicketDTO.from_station="+from_station+"&leftTicketDTO.to_station="+to_station+"&purpose_codes=ADULT" #print(url) 已经检查过生成的URL是正确的 #request请求获取主页 r = requests.get(url,headers=headers) r.raise_for_status() #如果发送了一个错误的请求，会抛出异常 r.encoding = r.apparent_encoding showTicket(r.text) #print(r.text) main()stationinfo.py
import re,requests url = "https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/resources/js/framework/station_name.js?station_version=1.8971" response = requests.get(url,verify=False) #将车站的名字和编码进行提取 chezhan = re.findall(r"([\u4e00-\u9fa5]+)\|([A-Z]+)", response.text) chezhan_code = dict(chezhan) chezhan_names = dict(zip(chezhan_code.values(),chezhan_code.keys())) #print(chezhan_names)
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关键词： python查询12306余票 Python爬虫
